ABSTRACT Currently, concern about the burning of fossil fuels and the consequences for the planet has increased and become the agenda of discussions at global levels. In this sense, biofuels are an important alternative, and this article seeks to review the literature on the use of microalgae as raw material for the manufacture of biodiesel, the transesterification process as a conversion method, the technologies used to optimize this process, the characteristics of biodiesel that are required by Brazilian legislation, and the challenges for production. Brazil has a very large potential for the production of these biofuels but their production on a large scale still requires further studies so that it can be part of the country’s energy matrix, including in the agro-industrial sector. Currently levels sense alternative method legislation countrys country s matrix agroindustrial agro industrial sector

ABSTRACT The main resources needed for an alternative fuel are availability and renewability, that is, less dependence on restricted raw materials accompanied by no or less pollution. Due to being eco-friendly and non-toxic to nature, biodiesel is attracting more and more interest. Biodiesel has many important technical advantages compared to petroleum diesel, such as inherent lubricity, low toxicity, derivation of renewable and domestic raw materials, biodegradability, insignificant sulfur content, and lower exhaust emissions. However, they have some important disadvantages that include the high cost of the raw material, lower storage and oxidative stability, lower volumetric energy content, lower low-temperature operability, and in some cases, higher NOx exhaust emissions. One of the major challenge obstacles is the high cost of refined vegetable oil as raw material, which consists of almost 70% of the total production costs. Therefore, in order to reduce the cost of biodiesel, non-edible sources such as residual cooking oil (WCO), algae oil, non-edible vegetable oil, and residual fats are commonly used for the production of biodiesel due to its low cost and don’t affect the food chain. The most common method used in the production of biodiesel is the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. Production and process are influenced by several factors, such as temperature and reaction time, the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and type and concentration of catalyst. Therefore, this review focuses on the recent discovery of the transesterification of inedible sources for biodiesel, the influence of the composition of the raw material on the quality of biodiesel, and the possible solutions to its disadvantages for the production of biodiesel.

O óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é valorizado no mercado internacional e amplamente usado nas indústrias de condimentos, cosméticos e medicinais. Entre todos os processos que podem ser aplicados na obtenção do óleo, a extração usando fluido supercrítico (EFS) pode ser um método seletivo e eficiente, dependendo das condições operacionais, como temperatura e pressão, que precisam ser otimizadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência da extração supercrítica, utilizando planejamento experimental, na extração do óleo de manjericão com os métodos convencionais (hidrodestilação e soxhlet). Para a realização da parte experimental, foi utilizado dióxido de carbono como solvente para a EFS e hexano, para aplicação no soxhlet. Foi realizado um delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR), aplicando três pressões (100, 200 e 300 bar) e três temperaturas (30, 40 e 50ºC). Através da hidrodestilação, obteve-se o menor rendimento (0,26%), usando o Soxhlet, o rendimento foi de 2,39% sendo superior, comparado á EFS, que foi de 0,43%. O DCCR mostrou que, para otimizar o processo, é necessário aumentar a pressão e a temperatura para o alcance de maiores rendimentos. Foi possível constatar que o modelo matemático representou bem o processo de extração, propiciando o "scale-up" deste.

The essential basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil has been valued in the international market and widely used in industries of condiments, medicines and cosmetics. Among all the processes that can be applied to extract the oil, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be an efficient and selective one, depending on the operational conditions like temperature and pressure. The aim of study was to compare the supercritical extraction method, using an experimental planning, with conventional extractions methods as hydrodistillation and soxhlet. It was used carbon dioxide as solvent in the SFE, and hexane for the soxhlet extraction. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was applied varying three pressures (100, 200 and 300 bar) and three temperatures (30, 40 and 50 °C). The yield using soxhlet was the highest (2.39%), followed by SFE (0.43%) and hydrodistillation with 0.26%. The CCRD showed that to optimize the process, it is necessary to raise the temperature and pressure in order to achieve higher yields. It could be concluded that the mathematical modeling well represented the extraction process, making the scale-up a possible alternative.

Reich foi o responsável por trazer o corpo para a compreensão do processo psíquico, por meio de suas pesquisas relativas ao ponto de vista econômico. Contudo, o trabalho corporal por muito tempo esteve relegado a uma população nem sempre reconhecida nos campos intelectual e social. Felizmente, essa situação vem mudando e o trabalho corporal vem ganhando reconhecimento e respeito. Se o trabalho sobre o psiquismo é sempre muito delicado, se faz ainda mais delicado quando envolve o corpo. As formas de subjetivação de nosso momento social favorecem adoecimentos psíquicos. Profissionais de saúde mental, especialmente psicólogos e psicanalistas, quando envolvidos no fenômeno transferencial, são chamados a interagir com todo o seu corpo, e não apenas com seus conhecimentos teóricos e técnicos referentes a uma abordagem intelectualizada. Por esses motivos, acreditamos que no preparo do profissional psi se fazem necessárias não apenas a aprendizagem teórica e sua análise pessoal, como defendido até então, mas também a sensibilização de seu corpo e de suas percepções. O método Angel Vianna de Conscientização do Movimento oferece a oportunidade de desenvolvimento criativo e expressivo através da pesquisa com o próprio corpo, com o movimento e com o corpo do outro. Neste artigo, optamos por compreender o corpo enquanto caminho para o inconsciente, a partir dos ensinamentos de Reich, para quem o ponto de vista econômico da psicanálise mereceu destaque. Dessa forma, pretendemos demonstrar o modo como o trabalho executado pela escola Angel Vianna é compatível com essa teoria e com a prevenção da saúde.

Reich was responsible for bringing the body to understand the psychological process through their research on the economic viewpoint. However, the body work has long been relegated to a population not always recognized in intellectual and social fields. Fortunately, this situation has changed and the body work is gaining recognition and respect. If work on the psyche is always very delicate, is even more delicate when it involves the body. The forms of subjectivity in our favor social and psychological illnesses. Mental health professionals, especially psychologists and psychoanalysts, when involved in the phenomenon of transference, are called to interact with their entire body, not just with their theoretical and technical knowledge relating to an intellectual approach. For these reasons, we believe that in the preparation of psi professionals are necessary not only the theoretical learning and personal analysis, as advocated by them, but also the awareness of the body and its perceptions. The Angel Vianna method for Movement Awareness offers the opportunity of creative and expressive development through research with one's own body, with movement and with another body. In this paper, we chose to understand the body as a path to the unconscious, from the teachings of Reich, for whom the economic viewpoint of psychoanalysis deserved prominence. Thus, we intend to demonstrate how the work performed by Angel Vianna School supports this theory and health prevention.

Reich foi o responsável por trazer o corpo para a compreensão do processo psíquico, por meio de suas pesquisas relativas ao ponto de vista econômico. Contudo, o trabalho corporal por muito tempo esteve relegado a uma população nem sempre reconhecida nos campos intelectual e social. Felizmente, essa situação vem mudando e o trabalho corporal vem ganhando reconhecimento e respeito. Se o trabalho sobre o psiquismo é sempre muito delicado, se faz ainda mais delicado quando envolve o corpo. As formas de subjetivação de nosso momento social favorecem adoecimentos psíquicos. Profissionais de saúde mental, especialmente psicólogos e psicanalistas, quando envolvidos no fenômeno transferencial, são chamados a interagir com todo o seu corpo, e não apenas com seus conhecimentos teóricos e técnicos referentes a uma abordagem intelectualizada. Por esses motivos, acreditamos que no preparo do profissional psi se fazem necessárias não apenas a aprendizagem teórica e sua análise pessoal, como defendido até então, mas também a sensibilização de seu corpo e de suas percepções. O método Angel Vianna de Conscientização do Movimento oferece a oportunidade de desenvolvimento criativo e expressivo através da pesquisa com o próprio corpo, com o movimento e com o corpo do outro. Neste artigo, optamos por compreender o corpo enquanto caminho para o inconsciente, a partir dos ensinamentos de Reich, para quem o ponto de vista econômico da psicanálise mereceu destaque. Dessa forma, pretendemos demonstrar o modo como o trabalho executado pela escola Angel Vianna é compatível com essa teoria e com a prevenção da saúde.

Reich was responsible for bringing the body to understand the psychological process through their research on the economic viewpoint. However, the body work has long been relegated to a population not always recognized in intellectual and social fields. Fortunately, this situation has changed and the body work is gaining recognition and respect. If work on the psyche is always very delicate, is even more delicate when it involves the body. The forms of subjectivity in our favor social and psychological illnesses. Mental health professionals, especially psychologists and psychoanalysts, when involved in the phenomenon of transference, are called to interact with their entire body, not just with their theoretical and technical knowledge relating to an intellectual approach. For these reasons, we believe that in the preparation of psi professionals are necessary not only the theoretical learning and personal analysis, as advocated by them, but also the awareness of the body and its perceptions. The Angel Vianna method for Movement Awareness offers the opportunity of creative and expressive development through research with one's own body, with movement and with another body. In this paper, we chose to understand the body as a path to the unconscious, from the teachings of Reich, for whom the economic viewpoint of psychoanalysis deserved prominence. Thus, we intend to demonstrate how the work performed by Angel Vianna School supports this theory and health prevention.

O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo sobre o fracionamento do óleo de laranja. Neste sentido, o limoneno e o linalol foram considerados os componentes-chaves do óleo de laranja, representando os terpenos e compostos oxigenados, respectivamente. Para modelar os dados de equilíbrio de fases foi usada a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson, juntamente com as regras de mistura de van der Waals, uni e biparamétrica, e de Panagiotopoulos e Reid. O uso desses modelos termodinâmicos permitiu determinar as condições de temperatura e pressão que levaram aos melhores valores do par seletividade-capacidade.

The objective of this work is to study the fractionation of the citrus oils, especially orange oil. The orange oil is considered to be a mixture of two main components, limonene and linalool, which represent the terpenes and oxygenated group fractions, respectively. The Peng-Robinson equation of state using the van der Waals, with one or two parameters, and Panagiotopoulos and Reid mixing rules, were used to correlate and predict the binary and ternary high pressure phase equilibria of CO2 containing systems . The use of thermodynamic models to predict the phase equilibria allowed to establish the conditions of temperature and pressure, which led to the best results of selectivities and capacities of the extraction.